75 lines
3.1 KiB
TeX
75 lines
3.1 KiB
TeX
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\chapter{Accidentals}
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\vspace*{-3ex}
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Accidentals can be introduced in two ways.
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The first way, using explicit macros, consists for
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example in coding \keyindex{fl}\pitchp~to put a \ital{flat} at the
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pitch $p$, presumably right before a note at the same pitch. This is a
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non-spacing command and will automatically place the accidental an
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appropriate distance to the left of the anticipated note head.
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Naturals, sharps, double flats and double sharps are coded \keyindex{na}\pitchp,
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\keyindex{sh}\pitchp, \keyindex{dfl}\pitchp~and \keyindex{dsh}\pitchp~respectively.
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The alternate macros \keyindex{lfl}, \keyindex{lna}, \keyindex{lsh},
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\keyindex{ldfl} and \keyindex{ldsh}
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place the same accidentals, but shifted one note head width
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to the left. These can be used if a note head has been shifted to the left, or
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to avoid collision with other accidentals
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in a chord. If you want to shift an accidental by some other amount for
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more precise positioning, you could use \keyindex{loffset} with the normal
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accidental macro as the second parameter.
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The second way of coding accidentals is to modify the parameter of a
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note command. Just put the symbol
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\verb|^| for a sharp, \verb|_| for a flat, \verb|=|~for a natural,
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\verb|>| for a double sharp, or \verb|<| for a double
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flat, right before the letter or number representing the pitch.
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For example, \verb|\qb{^g}| yields a
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$G\sharp$. This may be used effectively in collective coding, e.g.
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\verb|\qu{ac^d}|.
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There are two sizes of accidentals. By default they will be large unless there
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is not enough space between notes, in which case they will be made small. Either
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size can be forced locally by coding \keyindex{bigfl}, \keyindex{bigsh}, etc., or
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\keyindex{smallfl}, \keyindex{smallsh}, etc. If you want all accidentals to
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be large, then declare \keyindex{bigaccid} near the top of the input file. For
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exclusively small ones use \keyindex{smallaccid}; \keyindex{varaccid} will restore
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variable sizes.
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For editorial purposes, small accidentals can be placed \ital{above} note
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heads. This is done using \keyindex{uppersh}\pitchp, \keyindex{upperna}\pitchp, or
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\keyindex{upperfl}\pitchp:
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\begin{music}\nostartrule
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\startextract
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\NOtes\uppersh l\qa l\en
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\NOtes\upperna m\qa m\en
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\NOtes\upperfl l\qa l\en
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\zendextract
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\end{music}
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\vspace*{-2ex}
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It also possible to introduce \ital{\ixem{cautionary accidental}s},
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i.e.,~small accidentals enclosed in parentheses. This is done by preceding
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the name of the accidental keyword with ``\verb|c|''\label{cautionary}.
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Available cautionary accidentals are \keyindex{csh}, \keyindex{cfl},
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\keyindex{cna},
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\keyindex{cdfl} and \keyindex{cdsh}, which give
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\begin{music}\nostartrule
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\startextract
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\NOtes\csh g\qa g\en
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\NOtes\cfl h\qa h\en
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\NOtes\cna i\qa i\en
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\NOtes\cdfl j\qa j\en
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\NOtes\cdsh k\qa k\en
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\zendextract
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\end{music}
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\vspace*{-2ex}
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\noindent The distance between notes and accidentals is controlled by
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\keyindex{accshift}\verb|=|\ital{any \TeX\ dimension}, where
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positive values shift to the left and negative to right, with a
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default of~\verb|0pt|.
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For ``big'' cautionary accidentals, use, for example,
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\verb|{|\keyindex{largenotesize}\verb|\csh|\pitchp\verb|}| or see Section~\ref{brapar}.
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