408 lines
17 KiB
TeX
408 lines
17 KiB
TeX
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\chapter{Lyrics}\index{lyrics}\label{lyrics}
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\musixtex{} itself doesn't manage lyrics very well. You should use
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\verb+musixlyr+ instead, a \musixtex\ extension package for lyrics handling by Rainer Dunker.
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The \TeX~source and
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\href{http://icking-music-archive.org/software/musixtex/add-ons/mxlyrdoc.pdf}
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{\underline{documentation}}~are included in the \musixtex~distribution.
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But first we recall briefly the older methods, which may still be useful when
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only a small number of words are involved.
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\section{Native lyrics method: placing single words}
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\subsection{Native \musixtex\ commands for lyrics}
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\begin{enumerate}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}
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\item An obvious solution is to use the commands
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\keyindex{zcharnote} (expanded to the right),
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\keyindex{lcharnote} (expanded to the left),
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\keyindex{ccharnote} (centered), to post the text at any position (computed in
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\verb|\internote|s) with respect to the lower line of the current staff.
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The pitch should be usually negative, to have the text below the staff.
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Example:\quad
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\raisebox{0ex}[4ex][3ex]{\musicintextnoclefn{\notes\sk\zcharnote{N}{Word}\wh g\sk\en}}
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\quad is coded by \quad
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\verb|\zcharnote{N}{Word}\wh g|~.
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\item The vertical position can also be given with a number in the commands
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\keyindex{zchar} (expanded to the right),
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\keyindex{lchar} (expanded to the left),
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\keyindex{cchar} (centered). The number is internally multiplied by \verb|\internote|~.
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Example:\quad
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\raisebox{0ex}[4ex][3ex]{\musicintextnoclefn{\notes\sk\cchar{-4}{Word}\wh g\sk\en}}
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\quad is coded by \quad
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\verb|\cchar{-5}{Word}\wh g|~.
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\item Of easier use are the commands \keyindex{zsong} (right of the note),
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\keyindex{lsong} (left) and \keyindex{csong} (centered) which post the lyrics
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at the lower staff line \ital{minus} the previous
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\keyindex{interinstrument}~$n$ or the \keyindex{staffbotmarg} quantity. These
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commands only have one argument, namely the lyrics text:
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%\begin{center}
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\keyindex{zsong}\verb|{|\ital{text}\verb|}|\quad
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\keyindex{lsong}\verb|{|\ital{text}\verb|}|\quad
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\keyindex{csong}\verb|{|\ital{text}\verb|}|
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%\end{center}
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Depending on the values of the inter-instrument spacings and margins, the
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resulting vertical position might be inappropriate. Then it can be changed for
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any specific $n$-th instrument until further change using
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\begin{quote}
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\keyindex{setsongraise}~$n$\verb|{|\ital{any \TeX-dimension}\verb|}|
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\end{quote}
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As an example, the following French song\\
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\begin{music}
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\generalsignature{1}
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\startextract
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\geometricskipscale
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\NOtes\zsong{Au }\qu g\en
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\NOtes\zsong{clair }\qu g\en
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\NOtes\zsong{de }\qu g\en
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\NOtes\zsong{la }\qu h\en
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\bar
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\NOTes\zsong{lu- }\hu i\en
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\NOTes\zsong{ne, }\hu h\en
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\bar
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\NOtes\zsong{mon }\qu g\en
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\NOtes\zsong{a- }\qu i\en
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\NOtes\zsong{mi }\qu h\en
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\NOtes\zsong{Pier- }\qu h\en
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\bar
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\NOTes\zsong{rot, }\wh g\sk\en
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\endextract
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\end{music}
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\noindent was coded as:
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\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
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\generalsignature{1}
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\startextract
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\geometricskipscale
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\NOtes\zsong{Au }\qu g\zsong{clair }\qu g\en
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\NOtes\zsong{de }\qu g\zsong{la }\qu h\en\bar
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\NOTes\zsong{lu- }\hu i\zsong{ne, }\hu h\en\bar
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\NOtes\zsong{mon }\qu g\zsong{a- }\qu i\en
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\NOtes\zsong{mi }\qu h\zsong{Pier- }\qu h\en\bar
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\NOTes\zsong{rot, }\wh g\sk\en
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\zendextract
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\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
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\end{enumerate}
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\subsection{Adapting note spacing for lyrics}
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The command \keyindex{hardlyrics}\verb|{longword}| provides a spacing that is equal to the length
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of the text argument \verb|{longword}|. In the same time the argument \verb|{longword}|
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is saved in \keyindex{thelyrics}
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As an example \quad
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\raisebox{0ex}[5ex][4ex]%
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{\musicintextnoclefn{\staffbotmarg2\Interligne%
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\hardlyrics{clair}\notes\hsong{\thelyrics}\wh g\en\notes\wh{gg}\en}}
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\quad is coded by:
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\begin{tabular}{l}
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\verb|\hardlyrics{clair}%|\\
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\verb|\notes\hsong{\thelyrics}\wh g\en|\\
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\verb|\notes\wh{gg}\en|\\
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\end{tabular}
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All notes with long lyrics need such a treatment. The commands only carry out on
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\verb|\notes| (not on \verb|\Notes|, \verb|\NOtes|...).
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If you want to go back to the normal placing on an easy way, you simply can replace
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'\verb|\hardlyrics|' by '\verb|\softlyrics|'.
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A complete score is given in example {\tt glorias.tex}\label{glorias} and in
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{\tt gloriab.tex}, the latter exhibiting not only the song tune but also the
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organ accompaniment.
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Alternate versions of \verb|\hsong| are \keyindex{dhsong} which has a fixed
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length of \verb|2\noteskip| and \keyindex{thsong} whose fixed length is
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\verb|3\noteskip|. These are useful when the text is set below (or above) a
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collective coding of two or three notes.
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\section{Musixlyr}\label{musixlyr}
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Lyrics are best handled by the \texttt{musixlyr}\index{musixlyr} package by Rainer Dunker.
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The package can be used by inserting a line in your source code:
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\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
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\input musixtex
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\input musixlyr
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...
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\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
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The manual, the input file and a few examples are in \musixtex\ distributions, or they
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may be downloaded
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\href{http://icking-music-archive.org/software/musixtex/add-ons/musixlyr21c.zip}
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{\underline{for Windows}} or \href{http://icking-music-archive.org/software/musixtex/add-ons/musixlyr21c.tgz}
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{\underline{for \unix}}. Look at the manual for a detailed description. Here is an overview
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of the commands and an example of use.\pagebreak
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\def\keyexample#1{\keyindex{#1}}
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\noindent\begin{small}\begin{tabbing}
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\verb|\NOtes|\keyexample{assignlyricshere}\verb|{alto}\qa c\en|\quad\= assigning without staff number\kill
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Example\> Explanation
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\end{tabbing}
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\vspace{-1ex}
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\hrule
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\vspace{-2ex}
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\begin{tabbing}
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\verb|\NOtes|\keyexample{assignlyricshere}\verb|{alto}\qa c\en|\quad\= assigning without staff number\kill
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\keyexample{setlyrics}\verb|{sopr}{the ly_-ric words_}|\> defining the lyrics text\\
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\keyexample{copylyrics}\verb|{sopr}{alto}|\> alto has same lyrics as soprano\\
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\keyexample{appendlyrics}\verb|{alto}{more words}|\> alto lyrics is longer\\
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\keyexample{assignlyrics}\verb|2{sopr,alto}|\>soprano and alto lyrics at staff $2$\\
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\keyexample{assignlyricsmulti}\verb|{1}{2}{alto}|\>assign alto lyrics to staff $2$ of instrument $1$\\
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\verb|\NOtes|\keyexample{assignlyricshere}\verb|{alto}\qa c\en|\>assigning without staff number\\
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\keyexample{auxlyr}\verb|\assignlyrics{2}{sopr}|\> assign soprano above staff $2$\\[.8ex]
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\keyexample{lyrrule}\verb|\qu c|...\keyexample{lyrruleend}\verb|\qu c|\>make a melisma by hand\\
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\keyexample{beginmel}\verb|\qu c|...\keyexample{endmel}\verb|\qu c|\>melisma, same as word extension underline\\[.8ex]
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\keyexample{lyr}\verb|\qu c|\>force a syllable from lyrics text at this note or rest\\
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\keyexample{lyric}\verb|{word}\qu c|\>insert syllable 'word' at this note\\
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\verb|\loffset{2}{|\keyexample{lyric*}\verb|{1.}}\qu c|\>combine \verb|1.| with regular syllable\\
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\keyexample{lyrich}\verb|{syl}\qu c|\>same as \verb|\lyric|, but with hyphenation\\
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\keyexample{lyrich*}\verb|{}\qu c|\>same as \verb|\lyric*|, but with hyphenation\\
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\keyexample{lyricsoff}...\keyexample{lyricson}\>stop lyrics, then start again\\
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\keyexample{nolyr}\verb|\qu c|\>no syllable at this note\\[.8ex]
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\keyexample{llabel}\verb|{labelname}name|\>labelling a ``go to'' target in text\\
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\keyexample{golyr}\verb|{labelname}\qu c|\>perform a jump, in music code\\[.8ex]
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\keyexample{lyrpt}\verb|,\qu c|\>add a comma to the syllable under this note\\
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\keyexample{lyrnop}\verb|\qu c|\>remove last character in syllable\\
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\keyexample{lclyr}\verb|\qu c|\>make first character lower case\\
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\keyexample{llyr}\verb|\qu c|\>left justified syllable\\
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\keyexample{leftlyrtrue}\verb|\qu c|...\keyexample{leftlyrfalse}\verb|\qu c|\>start and stop left justification as the default\\
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\keyexample{lyroffset}\verb|{-4}\qu c|\>shift syllable $1$ notehead to the left\\[.8ex]
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\keyexample{minlyrspace}\verb|{3pt}\qu c|\>define minimum space between the words\\
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\keyexample{forcelyrhyphenstrue}\verb|\qu c|\>always use a hyphen from now on\\
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\keyexample{forcelyrhyphensfalse}\verb|\qu c|\>remove hyphen and make one word if necessary \\
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\keyexample{showlyrshifttrue}\verb|\qu c|\>show the lyric shift\\[.8ex]
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\keyexample{lyrraise}\verb|{1}{a 2\Interligne}|\>raise lyrics below staff $1$ by \verb|2\Interligne|\\
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\keyexample{lyrraisemulti}\verb|{1}{2}{a 2\Interligne}|\>raise alto lyrics above staff $2$ of instrument $1$\\
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\keyexample{lyrraisehere}\verb|{b 2\Interligne}\qu c|\>raise lyrics below this staff by \verb|2\Interligne|\\[.8ex]
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\keyexample{minlyrrulelength}\verb|{2mm}|\>melismas shorter than $2$mm are not shown \\
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\keyexample{minmulthyphens}\verb|{15mm}|\>distance between hyphens in 'hyphen melisma'\\
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\verb|\def|\keyexample{lyrhyphenchar}\verb|{-}|\>chose a hyphen character\\
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\verb|\setlyrics{|\keyexample{lyrlayout}\verb|{\it}..}|\>apply italics to all lyrics lines\\
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\keyexample{verses}\verb|{,\beginmel}\qu c|\>initiate melisma at second verse\\[.8ex]
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\verb|\small|\keyexample{setlyrstrut}\>adapt the vertical distance between lyrics lines\\
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\keyexample{lyrstrutbox}\verb|{10pt}|\> (re)define the distance between the lyrics lines\\[.8ex]
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\keyexample{lyrmodealter}\verb|2|\>attach lyrics of staff $2$ to the upper voice\\
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\keyexample{lyrmodealtermulti}\verb|{1}{2}|\>attach lyrics of instr.\ $1$ staff $2$ to the upper voice\\
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\keyexample{lyrmodealterhere}\verb|\qu c|\>attach lyrics of this staff to the upper voice\\
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\keyexample{lyrmodenormal}\verb|2|\>restore the default behaviour\\
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\keyexample{lyrmodenormalmulti}\verb|{1}{2}|\>restore the default behaviour at staff $2$ of instr.\ $1$\\
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\keyexample{lyrmodenormalhere}\verb|\qu c|\>restore the default behaviour of this staff\\[.8ex]
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\keyexample{lyrlink}\>linking two words with a '$_{_\smile}$'\\
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\keyexample{lowlyrlink}\>same as \verb|\lyrlink| but a little bit lower\\[.8ex]
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\keyexample{resetlyrics}\>set word pointer to the first word in all lyrics lines\\[.8ex]
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\keyexample{enableauxlyrics}\>don't use this anymore\\
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\keyexample{setsongraise}\verb|{1}{2\Interligne}|\>same as \verb|{\lyrraise}{1}{b 2\Interligne}|\\
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\keyexample{auxsetsongraise}\verb|{1}{2\Interligne}|\>same as \verb|{\lyrraisemulti}{1}{b 2\Interligne}|\\
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\keyexample{oldlyrlinestart}\>don't let the lyrics extend to the left margin\\
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\end{tabbing}\end{small}
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As a further illustration of the use of the commands, have a look at the following
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example\footnote{The example is taken from the \texttt{musixlyr} manual.}:
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\medskip\medskip
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%\oneversespace
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\begin{music}
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\input musixlyr
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\resetlyrics \small
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\lyrmodealter0
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\setlyrics{soprano}{bring her die Gans,} \auxlyr{\assignlyrics1{soprano}}
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\copylyrics{soprano}{alto} \assignlyrics1{alto}
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\generalsignature{-2}
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\advance\stafftopmarg1\Interligne
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\advance\staffbotmarg2\Interligne
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\startextract\addspace\afterruleskip
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\NOtes\zqu g\ql e\en
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\bar
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\Notes\zqu i\beginmel\ibslurd0f\ibl0f{-1}\qb0{fe}\en
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\Notes\auxlyr\beginmel\ibsluru1i\zqup i\qb0d\en
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\Notes\tqb0e\en
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\Notes\endmel\tbslurd0e\ql c\en
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\notes\ibbu0h{-1}\qb0h\tqh0g\en
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\NOtes\auxlyr\endmel\tbsluru1h\zqu h\ql c\en
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\bar
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\NOTEs\auxlyr\lyr\zwh i% The lyrics of the whole notes
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\lyr\wh b\en % must be given manually.
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\endextract
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\lyrmodenormal0
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\end{music}
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\medskip
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%\oneversespace
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which was coded as:
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\begin{quote}
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\begin{verbatim}
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% define lyrics above the staff
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\setlyrics{soprano}{bring her die Gans,}
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% lyric beneath the staff are the same
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\copylyrics{soprano}{alto}
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% assign alto lyrics below staff 1 on the notes with stem down
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\assignlyrics1{alto}
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% assign soprano lyrics above staff 1 on the notes with stem up
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\auxlyr{\assignlyrics1{soprano}}
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% attach both lyrics to the upper voice
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\lyrmodealter0
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\generalsignature{-2}
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% make place for the lyrics
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\advance\stafftopmarg1\Interligne\advance\staffbotmarg2\Interligne
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\startextract\addspace\afterruleskip
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\NOtes\zqu g\ql e\en\bar
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% start melisma in lower lyrics
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\Notes\zqu i\beginmel\ibslurd0f\ibl0f{-1}\qb0{fe}\en
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% start melisma in upper lyrics
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\Notes\auxlyr\beginmel\ibsluru1i\zqup i\qb0d\tqb0e\en
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% end melisma in lower lyrics
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\Notes\endmel\tbslurd0e\ql c\en
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\notes\ibbu0h{-1}\qb0h\tqh0g\en
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% start melisma in upper lyrics
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\NOtes\auxlyr\endmel\tbsluru1h\zqu h\ql c\en\bar
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% The lyrics of the whole notes (without stem) must be given manually.
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\NOTEs\auxlyr\lyr\zwh i\lyr\wh b\en
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\endextract
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\lyrmodenormal0
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\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
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\section{Getting enough vertical space for lyrics}
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Since songs are
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usually equivalent to a one-staff instrument (possibly with several voices)
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|
|
the recommended solution consists in adjusting the distance between
|
|||
|
|
instruments using either \keyindex{interinstrument}\verb|=|\ital{any
|
|||
|
|
\TeX-dimension} to give more place below all instruments or using
|
|||
|
|
\keyindex{setinterinstrument} to make more space above. Note that {\Bslash
|
|||
|
|
setinterinstrument} defines spacing above and not below an instrument. Since
|
|||
|
|
lyrics are usually set below the staff, the first argument of a
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\setinterinstrument| should be the song instrument number \ital{minus
|
|||
|
|
one}.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
In the case of a single staff tune, or if the song instrument is the lowest
|
|||
|
|
one, then additional place can be provided using \keyindex{staffbotmarg}.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
\section{Fine tuning the placement of the lyrics}
|
|||
|
|
When not using \verb|\hardlyrics|, on short notes, sometimes
|
|||
|
|
the lyrics are shifted away from the notes or they collide with other words.
|
|||
|
|
This are a few approaches to get around this:
|
|||
|
|
\begin{enumerate}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}
|
|||
|
|
\item Making more music lines for the notes to go further apart. This could be done with
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\mulooseness|.
|
|||
|
|
\item Stretch a bar with short notes in it by i.e.,~replacing \verb|\notes| by \verb|\NOTes|.
|
|||
|
|
\item Insert space between the notes by using \verb|\sk|, \verb|\hsk|, \verb|\qsk|, \verb|\qqsk|, ...
|
|||
|
|
\item Stretch a bar with short notes in it by using the command \keyindex{scale}:
|
|||
|
|
\begin{verbatim}
|
|||
|
|
\scale{1.6}\notes..\en\scale{1}%
|
|||
|
|
\end{verbatim}
|
|||
|
|
This method can be used in \textbf{PMX} but only with care, because it changes horizontal spacing
|
|||
|
|
in a way that \textbf{PMX} will not be aware of. It will not move bars to the next line, but
|
|||
|
|
will shorten the other bars on the line.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
As an example, the lyrics of this music line are better placed by using \verb|\scale| in
|
|||
|
|
the first bar and moving to the left the word 'mon'. Note that the hyphen is removed
|
|||
|
|
when there is no place for it:
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
\begin{music}
|
|||
|
|
\input musixlyr
|
|||
|
|
\resetlyrics
|
|||
|
|
\setlyrics{v1}{Au clair de la lu-ne, mon a-mi Pier-rot,}%
|
|||
|
|
\assignlyrics1{}\assignlyrics1{v1}%
|
|||
|
|
\staffbotmarg2\Interligne\generalsignature{1}%
|
|||
|
|
\startextract
|
|||
|
|
\geometricskipscale
|
|||
|
|
\notes\qu{gggh}\en\bar
|
|||
|
|
\Notes\hu{ih}\en\bar
|
|||
|
|
\notes\qu{gihh}\en\bar
|
|||
|
|
\Notes\wh g\en
|
|||
|
|
\endextract
|
|||
|
|
% \end{music}
|
|||
|
|
%%%%% combined for saving registers %%%%%
|
|||
|
|
% \begin{music}\nostartrule
|
|||
|
|
% \input musixlyr
|
|||
|
|
\resetlyrics
|
|||
|
|
\setlyrics{v1}{Au clair de la lu-ne, \kernm1exmon a-mi Pier-rot,}%
|
|||
|
|
\assignlyrics1{}\assignlyrics1{v1}%
|
|||
|
|
\staffbotmarg2\Interligne\generalsignature{1}%
|
|||
|
|
\startextract \geometricskipscale
|
|||
|
|
\scale{1.4}\notes\qu{gggh}\en\bar\scale{1}%
|
|||
|
|
\Notes\hu{ih}\en\bar
|
|||
|
|
\notes\qu{gihh}\en\bar
|
|||
|
|
\Notes\wh g\en
|
|||
|
|
\endextract
|
|||
|
|
\end{music}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
\medskip
|
|||
|
|
The code of the second music line is (\verb|\assignlyrics1{}| is only needed because
|
|||
|
|
lyrics are assigned before this in this manual):
|
|||
|
|
\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
|
|||
|
|
\begin{music}
|
|||
|
|
\input musixlyr
|
|||
|
|
\resetlyrics
|
|||
|
|
\setlyrics{v1}{Au clair de la lu-ne, \kernm1exmon a-mi Pier-rot,}%
|
|||
|
|
\assignlyrics1{}\assignlyrics1{v1}%
|
|||
|
|
\staffbotmarg2\Interligne\generalsignature{1}%
|
|||
|
|
\startextract \geometricskipscale
|
|||
|
|
\scale{1.4}\notes\qu{gggh}\en\bar\scale{1}%
|
|||
|
|
\Notes\hu{ih}\en\bar
|
|||
|
|
\notes\qu{gihh}\en\bar
|
|||
|
|
\Notes\wh g\en
|
|||
|
|
\endextract
|
|||
|
|
\end{music}
|
|||
|
|
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
\item Moving a word in any direction
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
\begin{small}
|
|||
|
|
\noindent\begin{tabular}{ll}
|
|||
|
|
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\Bslash setlyrics\{alto\}\{\Bslash kernm3ex1.$\sim\sim$firstsyllable...\}}\\
|
|||
|
|
& left-move verse number\\
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\setlyrics{alto}{...\kern1exword...}| &right-move a single word\\
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\setlyrics{alto}{...\lower2pt\hbox{word}...}|& lower a single word\\
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\setlyrics{alto}{...\raise2pt\hbox{word}...}|& raise a single word\\
|
|||
|
|
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\Bslash def\Bslash strut\{\Bslash vbox to 2\Bslash Interligne\{\}\}%
|
|||
|
|
\Bslash setlyrics\{alto\}\{\Bslash lyrlayout\{\Bslash strut\}...\}} \\
|
|||
|
|
& control distance between verses\\
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\lyrlayout{\vphantom{Mp(\lowlyrlink}|& minimum distance between verses\\
|
|||
|
|
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\Bslash setbox\Bslash lyrstrutbox=\Bslash hbox\{\Bslash vphantom\{yM\Bslash lyrlink\}\}}\\
|
|||
|
|
& redefine default lyrstrut
|
|||
|
|
\end{tabular}
|
|||
|
|
\end{small}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
\item Placing of accents can be made easier as shows this example:
|
|||
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|||
|
|
\begin{minipage}{50mm}
|
|||
|
|
\begin{music}\nostartrule
|
|||
|
|
\input musixlyr
|
|||
|
|
\catcode`\<5C>\active \def<EFBFBD>{\"a}
|
|||
|
|
\catcode`\<5C>\active \def<EFBFBD>{\"o}
|
|||
|
|
\catcode`\<5C>\active \let<EFBFBD>\aa
|
|||
|
|
\setlyrics1{<EFBFBD> <20> <20>}
|
|||
|
|
\assignlyrics1{}\assignlyrics11
|
|||
|
|
\startextract
|
|||
|
|
\setsongraise1{1ex}\NOtes\qa{ggg}\en
|
|||
|
|
\zendextract
|
|||
|
|
\end{music}
|
|||
|
|
\end{minipage}%
|
|||
|
|
\begin{minipage}{80mm}
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\catcode`\|\"a\verb|\active \def|\"a\verb|{\"a}|\\
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\catcode`\|\"o\verb|\active \def|\"o\verb|{\"o}|\\
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\catcode`\|\aa\verb|\active \let|\aa\verb|\aa|\\
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\setlyrics1{|\aa\ \"a\ \"o\verb|} \assignlyrics1{}|\\
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\assignlyrics11|\\
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\startextract|\\
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\NOtes\qa{ggg}\en|\\
|
|||
|
|
\verb|\zendextract|\\
|
|||
|
|
\end{minipage}
|
|||
|
|
\end{center}
|
|||
|
|
\item Using an 8-bit encoded characterset.\label{8bit}
|
|||
|
|
If you use default (Computer Modern) fonts, you will want to switch to
|
|||
|
|
the EC variants
|
|||
|
|
by putting
|
|||
|
|
%\verb+\input plainenc\relax\inputencoding{cp850}+ % doesn't work!
|
|||
|
|
\verb+\input musixec+
|
|||
|
|
after \verb+\input musixtex+ in your source file.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
\end{enumerate}
|
|||
|
|
|