295 lines
14 KiB
TeX
295 lines
14 KiB
TeX
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\chapter{Writing Notes}\label{autostemdirections}
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There are two major kinds of note macros, those that include a space (of
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length \keyindex{noteskip}) after
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the printed symbol, and those that don't cause any space. A single-line melody would be
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written using the first type. All notes of a chord except the last would
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use the second.
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Another distinction concerns stemmed notes. Some macros explicitly set the
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stem direction with either ``\verb|u|'' or ``\verb|l|'' contained in the name of
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the macro. On the other hand, an ``\verb|a|'' in the macro's name usually signifies
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\ital{automatic} stem direction selection. In this case notes below the middle
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staff line will get up stems, otherwise down.
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Note pitches can be specified either by letters or numbers. If no transposition
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or octaviation is in effect, letters ranging
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from \verb|a| to \verb|z| represent notes starting with the A below
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middle C. Upper case letters from \verb|A| to \verb|N| represent pitches
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two octaves lower than their lower case counterparts. Any letter can be used in
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any clef, but some users may
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prefer to use the lower case letters in treble clef, and the upper case ones
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in bass clef.
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Alternatively, a one- or two-digit, positive or negative integer can always be used.
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The number represents
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the vertical position on the staff, with \verb|0| for the lowest line and
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\verb|1| for the space right above, \ital{regardless of the clef}.
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Unlike with letters, the
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associated pitch will depend on the clef, and notes entered this way are
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immune to transposition and octaviation.
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Notes lower than \verb|A| and higher than \verb|z| can be entered, with
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either numbers as just described, or with octaviation as will be explained in
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Chapter~\ref{octaviation}.
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\section{Normal (unbeamed) spacing notes}\label{NormalNotes}
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In the following, \verb|{|$p$\verb|}| signifies a pitch specification as
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described above. However it
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is understood that if the pitch is a single character, the brackets are
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not necessary, provided that if it is a letter, a space separates the
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macro from the letter.
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\begin{quote}\begin{description}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}
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\item[\keyindex{breve}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]breve (\hbox to 8pt{\zbreve1\hss}) .
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\item[\keyindex{longa}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]longa (\hbox to8pt{\zlonga1\hss}) .
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\item[\keyindex{longaa}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]longa with automatic stem direction\footnote{Editor's note: Evidently there is no explicit up-stemmed longa} .
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\item[\keyindex{maxima}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]maxima (\hbox to16pt{\zmaxima1\hss}) .
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\item[\keyindex{wq}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]arbitrary duration note (\hbox to8pt{\zwq1\hss})
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(also used as alternate representation of a \ital{breve}).
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\item[\keyindex{wqq}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]long arbitrary duration note
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(\hbox to8pt{\zwqq1\hss}) (also used as alternate
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representation of a \ital{longa}).
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\item[\keyindex{wh}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]whole note.
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\item[\keyindex{hu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]half note with stem up.
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\item[\keyindex{hl}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]half note with stem down.
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\item[\keyindex{ha}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]half note with automatic stem direction
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\item[\keyindex{qu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]quarter note with stem up.
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\item[\keyindex{ql}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]quarter note with stem down.
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\item[\keyindex{qa}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]quarter note with automatic stem direction.
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\item[\keyindex{cu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]eighth note\footnote{The ``{\tt c}''
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within this macro name stands for the equivalent British term ``crotchet''} with stem up.
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\item[\keyindex{cl}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]eighth note with stem down.
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\item[\keyindex{ca}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]eighth note with automatic stem direction.
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\item[\keyindex{ccu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]sixteenth note with stem up.
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\item[\keyindex{ccl}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]sixteenth note with stem down.
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\item[\keyindex{cca}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]sixteenth note with automatic stem direction.
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\item[\keyindex{cccu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$32$nd note with stem up.
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\item[\keyindex{cccl}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$32$nd note with stem down.
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\item[\keyindex{ccca}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$32$nd note with automatic stem direction.
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\item[\keyindex{ccccu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$64$th note with stem up.
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\item[\keyindex{ccccl}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$64$th note with stem down.
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\item[\keyindex{cccca}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$64$th note with automatic stem direction.
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\item[\keyindex{cccccu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$128$th note with stem up.
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\item[\keyindex{cccccl}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$128$th note with stem down.
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\item[\keyindex{ccccca}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$128$th note with automatic stem direction.
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\end{description}\end{quote}
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As an example, the sequence
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%\check
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\begin{music}\nostartrule
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\startextract
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\Notes\cu c\cl j\en\bar
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\Notes\ccu c\ccl j\en\bar
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\Notes\cccu c\cccl j\en\bar
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\Notes\ccccu c\ccccl j\en\bar
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\Notes\cccccu c\cccccl j\en
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\zendextract
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\end{music}
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\noindent was coded as
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\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
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\Notes\cu c\cl j\en\bar
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\Notes\ccu c\ccl j\en\bar
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\Notes\cccu c\cccl j\en\bar
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\Notes\ccccu c\ccccl j\en\bar
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\Notes\cccccu c\cccccl j\en
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\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
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For \keyindex{breve} there is a possibility of
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confusion with a command in \TeX's math mode that has exactly the same name.
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However, there will generally be no problem, because inside
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\verb|\startpiece...\endpiece|,
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\verb|\breve| will take the musical meaning, while outside, it will have the
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mathematical one.
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If for some reason you need the math \verb|\breve| inside, you can use
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\verb|\endcatcodesmusic...\breve...\catcodesmusic|.
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\section{Non-spacing note heads}
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These macros are used to create chords. Any number of them can be entered
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in sequence, followed by a spacing note. All of the note heads will be
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joined to the spacing note and the stem length will automatically be adjusted
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as needed.
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\begin{quote}\begin{description}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}
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\item[\keyindex{zq}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]quarter (or shorter) note head.
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\item[\keyindex{zh}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]half note head.
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\end{description}\end{quote}
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%das ???
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% \begin{remark} Notes of duration longer than whole notes are
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%always non-spacing. This saves one useless definition, since these notes are
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%always longer than other simultaneous ones. If needed they can be followed by
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%\keyindex{sk} to force spacing.
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%\end{remark}
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\section{Shifted non-spacing note heads}
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These symbols are used mainly
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in chords containing an interval of a \ital{second}. They provide note
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heads shifted either to the left or right of the default position by
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the width of one note head.
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\begin{quote}\begin{description}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}
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\item[\keyindex{rw}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]whole note head shifted right.
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\item[\keyindex{lw}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]whole note head shifted left.
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\item[\keyindex{rh}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]half note head shifted right\footnote{Some may not
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have realized that half and whole note heads have different shapes}.
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\item[\keyindex{lh}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]half note head shifted left.
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\item[\keyindex{rq}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]quarter note head shifted right.
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\item[\keyindex{lq}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]quarter note head shifted left.
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\end{description}\end{quote}
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\section{Non-spacing notes}
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These macros provide normal notes, with stems if applicable, but without any
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following space.
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\begin{quote}\begin{description}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}
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\item[\keyindex{zhu}\pitchp~:]half note with stem up but no spacing. It acts like
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\verb|\hu| for chord building, i.e., it will join together any immediately
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preceding non-spacing note heads.
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\item[\keyindex{zhl}\pitchp~:]half note with stem down but no spacing. It acts like
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\keyindex{hl} for chord building.
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\item[\keyindex{zqu}\pitchp~:]quarter note with stem up but no spacing. It acts like
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\verb|\qu| for chord building.
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\item[\keyindex{zql}\pitchp~:]quarter note with stem down but no spacing. It acts
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like \verb|\ql| for chord building.
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\item[\keyindex{zcu}\pitchp, \keyindex{zccu}, \keyindex{zcccu},
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\keyindex{zccccu}, \keyindex{zcccccu}
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:]eighth, ..., note with stem up but no spacing. They act like
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\verb|\cu| for chord building.
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\item[\keyindex{zcl}\pitchp, \keyindex{zccl}, \keyindex{zcccl},
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\keyindex{zccccl}, \keyindex{zcccccl}
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:]eighth, ..., note with stem down but no spacing. They act
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like \verb|\cl| for chord building.
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\item[\keyindex{rhu}\pitchp, \keyindex{rhl}, \keyindex{rqu}, \keyindex{rql},
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\keyindex{rcu}, \keyindex{rcl} :] \verb|\rhu| acts like \verb|\zhu|,
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but the note is shifted one note width to the right; others analogous.
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\item[\keyindex{lhu}\pitchp, \keyindex{lhl}, \keyindex{lqu}, \keyindex{lql},
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\keyindex{lcu}, \keyindex{lcl} :]same
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as above, but the note is shifted one note width to the left.
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\item[\keyindex{zw}\pitchp~:]whole note with no following space.
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\item[\keyindex{zwq}\pitchp~:]arbitrary duration note
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(\hbox to8pt{\zwq1\hss}) with no following space.
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\item[\keyindex{zbreve}\pitchp~:]breve
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(\hbox to8pt{\zbreve1\hss}) with no following space.
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\item[\keyindex{zlonga}\pitchp~:]longa
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(\hbox to8pt{\zlonga1\hss}) with no following space.
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\item[\keyindex{zmaxima}\pitchp~:]maxima
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(\hbox to16pt{\zmaxima1\hss}) with no following space.
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\end{description}\end{quote}
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%\check
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\section{Spacing note heads}
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Although not needed in normal music scores, these may be useful in
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very special cases.
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\begin{quote}\begin{description}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}
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\item[\keyindex{nh}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]spacing half note head.
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\item[\keyindex{nq}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]spacing quarter note head.
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\end{description}\end{quote}
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\noindent As an example, the sequence
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\begin{music}\nostartrule
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\startextract
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\notes\nq c\nq j\en\barre
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\Notes\nh c\nh j\en\barre
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\notes\nq {cdef}\en
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\zendextract
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\end{music}
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\noindent was coded as
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\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
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\notes\nq c\nq j\en\barre
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\Notes\nh c\nh j\en\barre
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\notes\nq {cdef}\en
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\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
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Non spacing variants are also provided, namely
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\keyindex{znh} and \keyindex{znq}.
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% DAS: why???
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\section{Dotted notes}\label{dots}
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By appending one or two \verb|p|'s (for ``pointed'') to the name, many of the
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macros just introduced provide one or two dots after the notehead:
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\keyindex{whp}, \keyindex{whpp},
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\keyindex{zwp}, \keyindex{zwpp},
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\keyindex{hup}, \keyindex{hupp},
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\keyindex{hlp}, \keyindex{hlpp},
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\keyindex{hap}, \keyindex{happ},
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\keyindex{zhp}, \keyindex{zhpp},
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\keyindex{qup}, \keyindex{qupp},
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\keyindex{qlp}, \keyindex{qlpp},
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\keyindex{qap}, \keyindex{qapp},
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\keyindex{zqp}, \keyindex{zqpp},
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\keyindex{cup}, \keyindex{cupp},
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\keyindex{clp}, \keyindex{clpp},
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\keyindex{qbp} and \keyindex{qbpp}, all followed by a pitch argument.
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The ones that start with ``\verb|z|'' are used in chords.
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The dot(s) will be raised if the note is on a line.
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A more explicit way uses one of the macros
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\keyindex{pt}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125},
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\keyindex{ppt}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125}, or
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\keyindex{pppt}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} right
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before any note macro to place one to three dots after the normal note
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head at pitch $p$. Again they will be raised if on a line. In fact this is the only
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way to get a triple-dotted note.
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For example a
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quarter note with one dot could be coded \verb|\pt h\qu h|, with two dots
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as \keyindex{ppt}\verb| h\qu h| and with three as
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\keyindex{pppt}\verb| h\qu h|.
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As a matter of style, if two voices share one staff, the dots in
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the lower voice should be \emph{lowered} if the note is on a line. For
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this you can use \keyindex{lpt},
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\keyindex{lppt} and \keyindex{lpppt}.
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Yet another method for posting a dot is to insert a \ital{period} before
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the letter representing the pitch. Thus \verb|\qu{.a}| is equivalent to
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either \verb|\pt a\qu a| or \verb|\qup a| . This may be useful when
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using \ital{collective coding}, which will be discussed in the next
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section.
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Non-spacing dotted notes can be produced using
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\keyindex{zhup}, \keyindex{zhlp}, \keyindex{zqup}, \keyindex{zqlp},
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\keyindex{zcup}, \keyindex{zclp}, \keyindex{zqbp}, followed by a pitch,
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and similarly with two \verb|p|'s for
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double-dotted notes.
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The following provide dotted chord notes shifted left or right:
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\keyindex{lhp},
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\keyindex{rhp},
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\keyindex{lqp},
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\keyindex{rqp},
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and similarly with two \verb|p|'s for
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double-dotted notes.
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\section{Sequences of equally spaced notes; collective coding}
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\label{CollectiveCoding}
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It isn't necessary to write a separate macro
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sequence \verb|\notes...\en| for every individual column of notes.
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Rather, a single such macro can contain all the notes in all staves
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over an extended horizontal range, as long as all spacings are equal or
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multiples of a unique value of \keyindex{noteskip}.
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The notes in each staff could be entered one after another as normal
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spacing notes as already described in Section~\ref{NormalNotes}. Then
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each spacing note will cause the insertion point to advance horizontally by the
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operative value of \verb|\noteskip| defined by the choice of
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\verb|\notes|, \verb|\Notes|, \verb|\NOtes|, etc. Of course in such sequences
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non-spacing chord notes can be entered right before their associated
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spacing note. If you need to skip forward by one \verb|\noteskip|, for
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example after a quarter note when there are two eighth notes in
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another staff, you can use \keyindex{sk}.
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If there are only spacing notes in such a sequence, a further
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simplification is available, called \ital{collective coding}. For instance
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\verb|\qu{cdefghij}| writes the C major scale in quarters with
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up stems. Similarly \verb|\cl{abcdef^gh}| writes the
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\ital{A-minor} scale in non-beamed eighths. (Here ``\verb|^|'' represents
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a sharp). If necessary a void can be inserted in a collective coding sequence
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by using~\verb|*|\index{*}. Not all note-generating macros can be
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used to perform collective coding, but most of them can.
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