286 lines
13 KiB
TeX
286 lines
13 KiB
TeX
\chapter{Preparing to Enter Notes}\label{preparing}
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\section{After the setup, what next?}
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The command \keyindex{startmuflex} initiates the serious business of
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\musixtex. On the first \TeX\ pass it
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opens \ital{jobname}{\tt .mx1} for writing bar-by-bar tabulations of all
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hard and scalable space to be fed to \verb|musixflx| on the second pass.
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\verb|musixflx| generates \ital{jobname}{\tt .mx2} which defines the
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number of bars in each system and the factors relating scalable space
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to hard space in each system. On the third pass both files will be opened
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and read to define the final spacing. These files should be closed before
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leaving \TeX, preferably before
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\keyindex{bye} or \keyindex{end}, with \keyindex{endmuflex}. Normally \TeX\
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closes all open files on its own when terminating the program, but it is still
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cleaner to do this explicitly.
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After \verb|\startmuflex|, the command \keyindex{startpiece} will initiate
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the first system, containing all instruments you have previously defined.
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The indentation will be \keyindex{parindent}, so if you want nonzero
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indentation, this register should be set to the desired hard dimension
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before issuing \verb|\startpiece|.
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\section{Horizontal spacing commands}\label{newspacings}
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\subsection{Basic note spacing}
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\musixtex\ provides a set of macros each of which defines a particular
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increment of scalable spacing. The default set is tabulated in
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Figure~\ref{spacingtable}.
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\begin{table}
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\begin{small}
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\begin{center}
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\tinynotesize
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\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}% I hate LaTeX (attributed to Daniel Taupin)
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l@{~~~~}l|}
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\multicolumn{1}{c}{Usage}&
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\multicolumn{1}{c}{spacing}&
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\multicolumn{2}{c}{Suggested use}\\\hline
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\keyindex{znotes}\verb| ... & ... & ... \en|&(non spacing)
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&&specials\\
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\keyindex{notes}\verb| ... & ... & ... \en|&\verb=2=\keyindex{elemskip}
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&\ccu1&16th\\
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\keyindex{notesp}\verb| ... & ... & ... \en|&\verb=2.5\elemskip=
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&\pt1\ccu1&dotted 16th, 8th triplet\\
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\keyindex{Notes}\verb| ... & ... & ... \en|&\verb=3\elemskip=
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&\cu1&8th\\
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\keyindex{Notesp}\verb| ... & ... & ... \en|&\verb=3.5\elemskip=
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&\cup1&dotted 8th, quarter triplet\\
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\keyindex{NOtes}\verb| ... & ... & ... \en|&\verb=4\elemskip=
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&\qu1&quarter\\
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\keyindex{NOtesp}\verb| ... & ... & ... \en|&\verb=4.5\elemskip=
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&\qup1&dotted quarter, half triplet\\
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\keyindex{NOTes}\verb| ... & ... & ... \en|&\verb=5\elemskip=
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&\hu1&half\\
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\keyindex{NOTesp}\verb| ... & ... & ... \en|&\verb=5.5\elemskip=
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&\hup1&dotted half\\
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\keyindex{NOTEs}\verb| ... & ... & ... \en|&\verb=6\elemskip=
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&\wh1&whole\\\hline
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\end{tabular}\end{center}
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\end{small}
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\caption{Spacing Commands}
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\label{spacingtable}
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\end{table}
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What each of these macros actually does is to set an
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internal dimension register \keyindex{noteskip} to the given multiple
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of the fundamental spacing unit \keyindex{elemskip}
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(which has dimensions of length, usually given in points).
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Normally, every \itxem{spacing note} (e.g.,
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\keyindex{qu},
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\keyindex{qb}, \keyindex{hl}) will then be followed by a spacing of
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width \keyindex{noteskip}. By selecting a particular note spacing macro
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from the above table, the typesetter can thus control the relative spacing
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between notes.
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The actual spacing will therefore be determined by the value of
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\verb|\elemskip|. On the first pass, \TeX\ will set a default value for
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\verb|\elemskip| based on the declared music size, or the user can
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set it to any hard dimension he chooses. However, the value on the
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first pass doesn't matter as much as you might think (more about that later).
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On the second pass,
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\verb|musixflx| determines where the system breaks will come,
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and then computes the final value of \verb|\elemskip| for each system.
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If the arithmetic progression of note spacings in the above table does not
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meet your wishes, you may activate an alternate set with
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the command \keyindex{geometricskipscale}. As implied by the name, this
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is a geometric progression, where {\Bslash Notes} is
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$\sqrt{2}$ times wider than {\Bslash notes}, {\Bslash NOtes} is $\sqrt{2}$
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times wider than {\Bslash Notes}, and so forth.
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Then the factors in the middle column
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of the above table will be replaced by the sequence
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$2.00$, $2.38$, $2.83$, $3.36$, $4.00$, $4.76$, $5.66$, $6.72$, and $8.00$. Two additional
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macros, \verb|\NOTEsp| and \verb|\NOTES|, will be defined corresponding to
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factors $9.52$ and $11.32$. The original arithmetic progression can be
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restored by \keyindex{arithmeticskipscale}.
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If neither of the predefined progressions satisfies you, you may define
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your own, using the more general macro \verb|\vnotes| in the same manner
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that \musixtex\ uses it for the predefined progressions. So for example
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\verb|\def\NOtes{\vnotes5.34\elemskip}| will redefine \verb|\NOtes| in
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the obvious way, and the extension to the other spacing macros should
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likewise be obvious.
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The following abbreviations may be useful:
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\begin{quote}
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\begin{tabular}{lcl}
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\keyindex{nnotes} &for&\verb|\vnotes1.6\elemskip|\\
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\keyindex{nnnotes} &for&\verb|\vnotes1.28\elemskip|
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\end{tabular}
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\end{quote}
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In addition, inside any pair \verb|\notes...\en| there are two
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equivalent ways to
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locally redefine \verb|\noteskip| to another scalable value, namely by
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issuing a command like
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\verb|\noteskip=2.4\noteskip| or \keyindex{multnoteskip}\verb|{2.4}|, which
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have the expected effect until the notes group is terminated or
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\verb|\noteskip| is further redefined.
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Finally, by issuing a command like
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\keyindex{scale}\verb|{2.4}| outside any notes group, you can scale all subsequent
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\verb|\noteskip|s by any desired factor.
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These facilities may be useful, for example,
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to control spacing when there are three equal duration notes in one staff against two
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in another.
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%\subsection{\Bslash{\tt elemskip}, \Bslash{\tt beforeruleskip} and
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%\Bslash{\tt afterruleskip}}
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%
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% avr wants to call these "commands", but das doesn't.
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%\subsection{Commands {\Bslash\texttt{elemskip}},
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%{\Bslash\texttt{beforeruleskip}}
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%and {\Bslash\texttt{afterruleskip}}}
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%\subsection{{\Bslash\texttt{elemskip}},
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%{\Bslash\texttt{beforeruleskip}}
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%and {\Bslash\texttt{afterruleskip}}}
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\subsection{Before and after rule skips}
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We've just seen how \verb|\elemskip| is used to scale the spacings between notes.
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There are two other spacing units that share some behavior with \verb|\elemskip|:
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\verb|\beforeruleskip| is the horizontal space that is automatically inserted
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\ital{before} every bar line, while \verb|\afterruleskip| goes \ital{after}
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every bar line. (In
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practice \verb|\beforeruleskip| is almost aways set to \verb|0pt| because there
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will typically already be a space of \verb|1\noteskip| before every barline.)
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On the first pass, just as with \verb|\elemskip|, \musixtex\ assigns them default
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values according to the following table:
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%\begin{quote}\begin{tabular}{lrrr}\hline
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%\ital{using}&\keyindex{elemskip}&\keyindex{afterruleskip}
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% &\keyindex{beforeruleskip}\\\hline
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%\keyindex{normalmusicsize}&6pt&8pt&0pt\\
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%\keyindex{smallmusicsize}&4.8pt&6pt&0pt\\\hline
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%\end{tabular}\end{quote}
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\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{lrrr}\hline
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\ital{using}&\keyindex{elemskip}&\keyindex{afterruleskip}
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&\keyindex{beforeruleskip}\\\hline
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\keyindex{normalmusicsize}&{\tt 6pt}&{\tt 8pt}&{\tt 0pt}\\
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\keyindex{smallmusicsize}&{\tt 4.8pt}&{\tt 6pt}&{\tt 0pt}\\\hline
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\end{tabular}\end{center}
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\noindent In the second pass, \verb|musixflx| assigns new values to each
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of these dimensions, a different set for each line or system. It does this
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in such a way that available scalable horizontal space in each system is
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exactly filled up.
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The values that are assigned to these dimensions on the first pass, whether by
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default or explicitly by the user or in some combination, only matter insofar
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as their relative sizes. That's why we earlier stated that the first-pass value
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of \verb|\elemskip| didn't matter as much as you might think. For both music sizes
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in the table above, it appears that by default \verb|\afterruleskip| is
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\verb|1.3333\elemskip|\footnote{Editor's note: It is a mystery why the authors
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%of \musixtex\ didn't simply define \Bslash{\tt beforeruleskip} and \Bslash{\tt afterruleskip} as
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%specific multiples of \Bslash{\tt elemskip}}.
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of \musixtex\ didn't simply define \Bslash\texttt{beforeruleskip} and \Bslash\texttt{afterruleskip} as
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specific multiples of \Bslash\texttt{elemskip}.}.
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Note that if you do want to change any of these
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values, you have to do so \ital{after} setting the
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music size and before \verb|\startpiece|.
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Here is an example that illustrates the various dimensions under discussion:\\
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%\check
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\begin{music}\nostartrule
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\afterruleskip7pt
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\beforeruleskip2pt
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\parindent0pt
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\setclefsymbol1\empty
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% special problems afford special solutions
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\makeatletter\global\clef@skip\z@ \makeatother
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\startpiece
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\zchar{16}{\hbox to\afterruleskip{\downbracefill}}%
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\zchar{19}{\hbox to\afterruleskip{\hss a\hss}}%
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\addspace\afterruleskip
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\zchar{16}{\hbox to2\elemskip{\downbracefill}}%
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\zchar{19}{\hbox to2\elemskip{\hss b\hss}}%
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\zchar{3}{\hbox to\elemskip{\upbracefill}\hbox to\elemskip{\upbracefill}}%
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\zchar{-1}{\hbox to\elemskip{\hss e\hss}\hbox to\elemskip{\hss e\hss}}%
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\notes\qa l\en
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\znotes\en
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\zchar{16}{\hbox to4\elemskip{\downbracefill}}%
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\zchar{19}{\hbox to4\elemskip{\hss c\hss}}%
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\zchar{3}{\hbox to\elemskip{\upbracefill}\hbox to\elemskip{\upbracefill}%
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\hbox to\elemskip{\upbracefill}\hbox to\elemskip{\upbracefill}}%
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\zchar{-1}{\hbox to\elemskip{\hss e\hss}\hbox to\elemskip{\hss e\hss}%
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\hbox to\elemskip{\hss e\hss}\hbox to\elemskip{\hss e\hss}}%
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\NOtes\qa l\en
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\znotes\en
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\zchar{16}{\hbox to\beforeruleskip{\downbracefill}}%
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\zchar{19}{\hbox to\beforeruleskip{\hss d\hss}}%
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\setemptybar\endpiece
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\end{music}
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\begin{quote}\begin{tabular}{l@{~$\rightarrow$~}l}
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a&\keyindex{afterruleskip}\\
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b&\keyindex{notes}\verb| = \vnotes 2\elemskip|\\
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c&\keyindex{NOtes}\verb| = \vnotes 4\elemskip|\\
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d&\keyindex{beforeruleskip}\\
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e&\keyindex{elemskip}
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\end{tabular}\end{quote}
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\section{Moving from one staff or instrument to another}
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\label{movingtostaffs}
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When entering notes inside \verb|\notes ... \en|, the usual way to suspend
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input for one instrument and start the next (higher) is with the character
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``\verb|&|''\index{"&@{\tt\char'046}}. If the instrument has more than one
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staff, to switch to the next (higher) one you can use the character
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``\verb+|+''\index{\tt\char'174@{\tt\char'174}}.
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There are some alternate navigation commands that may be useful in
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special situations. Due to ``catcode
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problems'' (see Section~\ref{catcodeprobs}) it may sometimes be necessary
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to use the more explicit commands
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\keyindex{nextinstrument} and \keyindex{nextstaff}, which have the same
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meanings as ``\verb|&|'' and ``\verb+|+'' respectively. To switch to the previous
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(next lower) staff of the same instrument, use \keyindex{prevstaff}. This might
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be useful if a beam starts in a higher staff than where it ends. More
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generally, to switch to an arbitrary instrument $n$, use
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\keyindex{selectinstrument}\onen, and to switch to an arbitrary staff $n$
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of the current instrument, use \keyindex{selectstaff}\verb|{|$n$\verb|}|. In the
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latter case if $n$ exceeds the number of staves defined for the instrument, you
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will receive an error message. You can enter part of a successive voice on
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the \ital{same} staff by using \verb|\selectstaff{|$n$\verb|}| with $n$ for
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the \ital{current} staff.
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\section{Automatic note spacing}
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\label{autosp}
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A preprocessor called \texttt{autosp}\index{autosp@{\tt autosp}} automates the generation
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of note-spacing commands by converting (non-standard) commands
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of the form \verb|\anotes ... \en| into one or more conventional
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note-spacing commands, as determined by the note values
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themselves, with \verb|\sk| spacing commands inserted as necessary.
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The coding for an entire measure can be entered one part at
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a time, without concern for note-spacing changes within the
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part or spacing requirements of other parts.
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For example, from the input
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\begin{verbatim}
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\anotes\qa J\qa K&\ca l\qa m\ca n\en
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\end{verbatim}
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\texttt{autosp} generates
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\begin{verbatim}
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\Notes\qa J\sk\qa K\sk&\ca l\qa m\sk\ca n\en
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\end{verbatim}
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\texttt{autosp} also supports non-standard commands for adding ``global''
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skips (i.e., in every staff) and centered whole-bar rests.
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As an option, \emph{all} note-spacing commands (except \verb|\znotes|
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and \verb|\vnotes|) will be processed similarly; this is useful for correcting
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the spacing in single-instrument parts extracted from a multi-instrument score;
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see Section~\ref{musixtnt}.
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The \texttt{autosp} package is available in
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\href{https://www.tug.org/texlive/}{\underline{TeXLive}}
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and
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\href{http://miktex.org/}{\underline{MiKTeX}}, and
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can also be found at
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the \href{http://icking-music-archive.org/software/autosp/autosp.zip}
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{\underline{Werner Icking Music Archive}}
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or at
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\href{http://mirrors.ctan.org/support/autosp.zip}{\underline{CTAN}}
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(the Comprehensive \TeX\ Archive Network).
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