273 lines
8.1 KiB
TeX
273 lines
8.1 KiB
TeX
\chapter{Repeats}
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To replace a bar line with a left, right, or left-right repeat, use one of the
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commands \keyindex{leftrepeat}, \keyindex{rightrepeat} or
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\keyindex{leftrightrepeat} in place of \verb|\bar|. If a \verb|\leftrepeat|
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happens to come at the end of a system, it will automatically be moved to the
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start of the next system. If a \verb|\leftrightrepeat| happens to come at the
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end of a system, \musixtex\ will automatically post a right repeat at the end
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of the system and a left repeat at the beginning of the next.
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For example,
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\begin{music}\nostartrule
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\startextract
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\NOTes\ha g\en
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\leftrepeat
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\NOTes\ha h\en
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\leftrightrepeat
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\NOTes\ha i\en
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\rightrepeat
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\NOTEs\wh j\en
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\zendextract
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\end{music}
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\noindent has been coded as:
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\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
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\NOTes\ha g\en
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\leftrepeat
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\NOTes\ha h\en
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\leftrightrepeat
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\NOTes\ha i\en
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\rightrepeat
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\NOTEs\wh j\en
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\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
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To insert a right-repeat at a forced line break or at the end of a piece, use
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\verb|\setrightrepeat| \textit{before}\ \verb|\alaligne| or \verb|\endpiece|.
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In fact it is possible to use \keyindex{setleftrepeat},
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\keyindex{setrightrepeat} or \keyindex{setleftrightrepeat} before any
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\keyindex{bar}, \keyindex{stoppiece} or \keyindex{changecontext}; but
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be aware that whereas \verb|\setrightrepeat| behaves properly if the bar is at the
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end of a system, \verb|\setleftrepeat| and \verb|\setleftrightrepeat| do not,
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placing
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the left-repeat symbol at the end of the system rather
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than at the beginning of the next system; see the
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\verb|\zleftrepeat| \verb|\zzleftrepeat| \verb|\zzleftrightrepeat|
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and \verb|\zzleftrightrepeat| commands described below.
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The following commands generate repeat symbols as usual, but
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are assumed to be in the \emph{middle} of a bar; that is,
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the bar counter is not incremented:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item[] \keyindex{zrightrepeat}
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\item[] \keyindex{zleftrepeat}
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\item[] \keyindex{zleftrightrepeat}
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\end{itemize}
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For example, to insert a left-repeat at a forced line break or at the
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beginning of a piece, simply use \verb|\zleftrepeat| immediately \textit{after}
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\verb|\startpiece| or \verb|\alaligne|. To insert a left-right repeat at a
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forced line break, use \verb|\setrightrepeat\alaligne\zleftrepeat|.
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The following commands are similar but force the mid-bar break to the
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end of a system:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item[] \keyindex{zzrightrepeat}
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\item[] \keyindex{zzleftrepeat}
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\item[] \keyindex{zzleftrightrepeat}
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\end{itemize}
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For
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\verb|\zzleftrepeat| and \verb|\zzleftrightrepeat|, the left-repeats occur
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at the beginning of the following system. The bar numbers are
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correctly adjusted, using \keyindex{writezbarno} for the continuation
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if \keyindex{systemnumbers} is in use.
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As an example, here is
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a \emph{bourr\'ee} by G.-F.~Handel coded using \verb|\zleftrepeat| at the beginning
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of the \textbf{A} section and \verb|\zzleftrightrepeat|
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between the \textbf{A} and the \textbf{B} sections:
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\begin{music}
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\smallmusicsize
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\generalmeter{\allabreve}
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\generalsignature{1}
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\startbarno=0
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\nobarnumbers
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\nostartrule
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\startpiece\addspace\afterruleskip
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\systemnumbers
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\zleftrepeat%
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\znotes\ccn{10}{\boxit{\bf A}}\en
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\NOtes\qa d\en%
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\bar%1
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\NOtes\qa{g}\qa{i}\qa{h}\qa{g}\en%
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\bar%2
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\NOTes\ha{k}\ha{i}\en%
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\bar%3
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\NOtes\qa{l}\qa{k}\qa{j}\qa{i}\en%
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\bar%4
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\NOtes\qa j\en
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\NOTes\ha i\en%
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\zzleftrightrepeat%
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\znotes\ccn{10}{\boxit{\bf B}}\en
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\NOtes\qa k\en%
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\bar%5
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\NOtes\qa{l}\qa{j}\qa{h}\en
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\Notes\ibl3i2\qb3i\tql3j\en%
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\bar%6
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\NOtes\qa{k}\qa{i}\qa{g}\en
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\Notes\ibu3h2\qb3h\tqu3i\en%
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\bar%7
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\NOtes\qa{j}\qa{i}\qa{h}\qa{g}\en%
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\bar%8
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\Notes\ibu3h1\qb3{h}\qb3{g}\qb3{h}\tqu3i\en
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\NOtes\qa h\en
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\Notes\ibl3i2\qb3i\tql3j\en%
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\bar%9
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\NOtes\qa k\en
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\Notes\ibl3i2\qb3i\tql3j\en
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\NOtes\qa k\en
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\Notes\ibl3j{-2}\qb3j\tql3i\en%
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\bar%10
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\NOtes\qa j\en
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\Notes\ibu3h2\qb3h\tqu3i\en
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\NOtes\qa j\en
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\Notes\ibu3i{-2}\qb3i\tqu3h\en%
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\bar%11
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\NOtes\qa{i}\qa{g}\en
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\NOtesp\tr{11}\qa{.h}\en
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\Notes\ca g\en%
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\bar%12
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\NOTesp\ha{.g}\en%
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\setrightrepeat%
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\endpiece%
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\end{music}
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\noindent No explicit adjustment of \verb|\barno| was necessary. The right-repeat
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at the end of the \textbf{B}~section was produced by
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\verb|\setrightrepeat\endpiece|.
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\section{First and second endings (Voltas)}\index{volta}
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All volta commands must be entered right before the bar line command
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(or repeat, etc.) where they are to take effect. There are three
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commands that suffice to set all voltas. To start one, use
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\keyindex{Setvolta}\verb|{|\textit{text}\verb|}|; to terminate it
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with or without a vertical line, use \keyindex{endvolta} or
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\keyindex{endvoltabox} respectively. The text by default will be followed
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by a period. There are also various alternate
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commands (e.g., \verb|\setendvoltabox| is equivalent to \verb|\endvoltabox|).
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Some such alternate forms are used in the following example, but the first three
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mentioned above are all that are required:
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\medskip \begin{music}
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\parindent0pt
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\nostartrule
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\startpiece
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\addspace\afterruleskip
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\NOTEs\wh a\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh b\en\setvoltabox{1.-3}\bar
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\NOTEs\wh c\en\setvolta4\setendvolta\rightrepeat
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\NOTEs\wh d\en\doublebar
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\NOTEs\wh e\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh f\en\leftrepeat
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\NOTEs\wh g\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh h\en\Setvolta1\bar
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\NOTEs\wh i\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh j\en\Setvolta2\setendvoltabox\rightrepeat
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\NOTEs\wh i\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh h\en\setendvoltabox
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\Endpiece
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\end{music}
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\noindent This was coded as
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\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
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\startpiece \addspace\afterruleskip
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\NOTEs\wh a\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh b\en\setvoltabox{1.-3}\bar
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\NOTEs\wh c\en\setvolta4\setendvolta\rightrepeat
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\NOTEs\wh d\en\doublebar
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\NOTEs\wh e\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh f\en\leftrepeat
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\NOTEs\wh g\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh h\en\Setvolta1\bar
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\NOTEs\wh i\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh j\en\Setvolta2\setendvoltabox\rightrepeat
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\NOTEs\wh i\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh h\en\setendvoltabox
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\Endpiece
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\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
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\zkeyindex{leftrepeat}\zkeyindex{rightrepeat}
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If the volta only spans one measure and ends without a vertical segment,
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it can be specified simply by saying
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\keyindex{setvolta}\verb|{|\textit{text}\verb|}| before the bar line command
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that starts it, and it will automatically terminate at the
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second bar line command:
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\medskip \begin{music}
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\parindent0pt \nostartrule\startpiece \addspace\afterruleskip
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\NOTEs\wh a\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh b\en\setvolta{1.-3}\bar \NOTEs\wh c\en\setvolta4\rightrepeat
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\NOTEs\wh d\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh e\en\Endpiece
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\end{music}
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\noindent which was coded as:
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\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
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\parindent0pt \startpiece \addspace\afterruleskip
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\NOTEs\wh a\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh b\en\setvolta{1.-3}\bar \NOTEs\wh c\en\setvolta4\rightrepeat
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\NOTEs\wh d\en\bar
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\NOTEs\wh e\en\Endpiece
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\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
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The height above the top staff line of the horizontal line in a volta symbol
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is determined by the token \keyindex{raisevolta} which is \verb|4\internote| by
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default. You can change this to any desired dimension.
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The period after the text can be
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removed by saying \verb|\def|\keyindex{voltadot}\verb|{}|
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and restored by \verb|\def|\keyindex{voltadot}\verb|{.}|\ .
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\section{Special symbols for repeating long sections}
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Four special symbols and corresponding macros are available, namely
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\keyindex{coda}~$p$, \keyindex{Coda}~$p$,
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and \keyindex{segno}~$p$, where $p$ specifies the pitch; and \keyindex{Segno}
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with no argument. Their behavior is illustrated in this example:
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\begin{music}
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\startextract
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\NOtes\segno n\en
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\bar
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\NOtes\coda n\en
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\NOtes\Segno\en
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\bar
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\NOtes\Coda n\en
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\endextract
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\end{music}
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\noindent which has been coded:
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\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
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\NOtes\segno m\en\bar
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\NOtes\coda m\en
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\NOtes\Segno\en\bar
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\NOtes\Coda m\en
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\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
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\section{Repeating a single bar}
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The special symbol for a single-bar repeat is generated by \keyindex{duevolte}, as shown
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in the following example:
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\begin{music}
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\generalmeter\meterC
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\setclef1\bass\setstaffs1{2}
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\startextract
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\NOtes|\qa{cegj}\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerpause|\en}\bar
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\NOtes\qa{cdef}|\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes|\centerbar{\duevolte}\en}%
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\endextract
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\end{music}
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\noindent whose coding is:
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\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
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\generalmeter\meterC
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\setclef1\bass\setstaffs1{2}
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\startextract
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\NOtes|\qa{cegj}\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerpause|\en}\bar
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\NOtes\qa{cdef}|\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes|\centerbar{\duevolte}\en}%
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\endextract
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\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
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