233 lines
7.1 KiB
TeX
233 lines
7.1 KiB
TeX
\chapter{Rests}
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\section{Ordinary rests}
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A separate macro is defined for each kind of ordinary rest. They cause
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a space after the symbol, just like spacing note commands, but they have
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no parameters. A whole rest is coded as
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\keyindex{pause},
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half rest \keyindex{hpause} or \keyindex{hp},
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quarter rest \keyindex{qp} or \keyindex{soupir},
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eighth rest \keyindex{ds}, sixteenth rest \keyindex{qs},
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$32$nd~rest \keyindex{hs}, and $64$th rest \keyindex{qqs}.
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Dotted rests may be obtained by
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using
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\keyindex{pausep},
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\keyindex{hpausep} or \keyindex{hpp}, \keyindex{qpp}, \keyindex{dsp}, \keyindex{qsp},
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\keyindex{hsp} and \keyindex{qqsp},
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and double-dotted rests by
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\keyindex{pausepp},
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\keyindex{hpausepp} or \keyindex{hppp}, \keyindex{qppp}, \keyindex{dspp}, \keyindex{qspp},
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\keyindex{hspp} and \keyindex{qqspp},.
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Longer rests, normally interpreted as lasting
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two or four bars respectively, can be coded as \keyindex{PAuse}
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and \keyindex{PAUSe}, which yield:
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\begin{music}\nostartrule
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\generalmeter{\meterfrac44}
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\startextract
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar\PAuse\en}%
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\NOTEs\en\bar
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar\PAUSe\en}%
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\NOTEs\en
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\endextract
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\end{music}
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%\check
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\noindent
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The command \keyindex{Hpause} $p$ $n$ provides an arbitrary length pause at pitch
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$p$ and of length $n$ \keyindex{noteskip}. For example,
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\verb|\NOTes\Hpause4{0.83}\en|
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produces
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\begin{music}
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\nostartrule
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\startextract
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\NOTes\Hpause4{0.83}\en
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\endextract
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\end{music}
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\section{Raising rests and non-spacing rests}\index{raising rests}
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All the
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previous rests (except \keyindex{pausep},
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\keyindex{hpausep} and \keyindex{Hpause}) are \ital{hboxes}, which means that
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they can be vertically offset if needed using the
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standard \TeX\ command \keyindex{raise}. For example:
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\begin{quote}
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\begin{verbatim}
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\raise 2\Interligne\qp
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\raise 3mm\qqs
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\end{verbatim}
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\end{quote}
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\noindent where \keyindex{Interligne} is the distance from one staff line to the
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next.
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Similarly, non-spacing rests may be coded using the \TeX\ command \keyindex{rlap}, as in
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\begin{music}\nostartrule
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\startextract
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\notes\ibbu0h{-1}\zccl e\qb0h\raise-4\Interligne\rlap\qs\qb0e\en
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\notes\raise-4\Interligne\rlap\ds\qb0f\tqu0g\en
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\endextract
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\end{music}\noindent
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for which the coding is
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\begin{verbatim}
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\notes\ibbu0h{-1}\zccl e\qb0h\raise-4\Interligne\rlap\qs\qb0e\en
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\notes\raise-4\Interligne\rlap\ds\qb0f\tqu0g\en
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\end{verbatim}
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In addition, four special macros are available to raise or lower a whole or
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half rest. The ordinary \verb|\pause| or
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\verb|\hpause| cannot be used outside the staff because a short horizontal line
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must be added to distinguish between the whole and the half rest. The commands,
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which are non-spacing\footnote{Editor's note: The reason for having defined these
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as non-spacing is not obvious}, are
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are
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\begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}
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\item \keyindex{liftpause}~$n$ to get a
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\hbox to10pt{\liftpause{-2}\hss}
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raised from original position by $n$ staff line intervals,
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\item \keyindex{lifthpause}~$n$ to get
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\hbox to10pt{\lifthpause{-1}\hss} raised the same way.
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\item \keyindex{liftpausep}~$n$ to get a
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\hbox to10pt{\liftpausep{-2}\hss}
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raised from original position by $n$ staff line intervals,
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\item \keyindex{lifthpausep}~$n$ to get
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\hbox to10pt{\lifthpausep{-1}\hss} raised the same way.
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\end{itemize}
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%\check
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\section{Bar-centered rests}\label{barcentered}
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Sometimes it is necessary to place a rest (or some other symbols) exactly in the middle
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of the notes region of a bar
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(i.e., excluding any initial clef and key or time signatures).
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This can usually be done with combinations of the commands
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\keyindex{atnextbar},
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\keyindex{centerbar},
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\keyindex{cPAUSe},
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\keyindex{cPAuse},
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\keyindex{cpause},
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\keyindex{chpause},
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\keyindex{cHpause} $n$,
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as demonstrated in the following example:
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\begin{music}
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\generalmeter\meterC
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\generalsignature{3}
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\setclef1\bass
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\setstaffs1{2}
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\parindent0pt
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\startextract
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\NOtes|\qa{cegj}\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\cpause}|\en}%
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\generalsignature{-3}\changecontext
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\NOTes\ha{Nc}|\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes|\centerbar{\cpause}\en}%
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\setclef1\alto\changeclefs%
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\generalmeter{\meterfrac21}\changecontext%
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\NOTEs\wh d\pause|\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes|\centerbar{\cPAuse}\en}%
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\bar
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\NOTEs|\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\cHpause{12}}|\centerbar{\cHpause{12}}\en}%
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\endextract
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\end{music}
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\noindent with the coding
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\begin{verbatim}
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\generalmeter\meterC
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\generalsignature{3}
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\setclef1\bass
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\setstaffs1{2}
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\parindent0pt
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\startextract
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\NOtes|\qa{cegj}\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\cpause}|\en}%
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\generalsignature{-3}\changecontext
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\NOTes\ha{Nc}|\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes|\centerbar{\cpause}\en}%
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\setclef1\alto\changeclefs%
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\generalmeter{\meterfrac21}\changecontext%
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\NOTEs\wh d\pause|\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes|\centerbar{\cPAuse}\en}%
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\bar
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\NOTEs|\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\cHpause{12}}|\centerbar{\cHpause{12}}\en}%
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\endextract
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\end{verbatim}\noindent
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The following abbreviations are provided:
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\begin{quote}
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\begin{tabular}{lcl}
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\keyindex{centerpause}& for & \verb|\centerbar{\cpause}|\\
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\keyindex{centerhpause}& for & \verb|\centerbar{\chpause}|\\
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\keyindex{centerPAuse}& for & \verb|\centerbar{\cPAuse}|\\
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\keyindex{centerPAUSe}& for & \verb|\centerbar{\cPAUSe}|\\
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\keyindex{centerHpause} $n$ & for & \verb|\centerbar{\cHpause| $n$\verb|}|
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\end{tabular}
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\end{quote}
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Material other than these rests may be used as arguments to
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\verb|\centerbar|, as in:\\
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\begin{music}
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\nostartrule
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\generalmeter\meterC
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\parindent0pt
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\startextract
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\NOTEs\sk\hqsk\en\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\ccn{9}{\meterfont7}}%
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\centerbar{\cPAUSe\off{2\elemskip}\cPAuse\off{2\elemskip}\cpause}\en}\bar
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\NOtes\ql{ghij}\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\liftpause2}\en}\bar
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\NOTes\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\duevolte}\en}\bar
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\NOTes\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\loffset{0.7}{\centerbar{\Fermataup l\wh j}}\en}
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\endextract
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\end{music}
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\noindent for which the coding is:
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\begin{verbatim}
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\generalmeter\meterC
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\parindent0pt
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\startextract
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\NOTEs\en\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\ccn{9}{\meterfont7}}%
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\centerbar{\cPAUSe\off{2\elemskip}\cPAuse\off{2\elemskip}\cpause}\en}\bar
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\NOtes\ql{ghij}\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\liftpause2}\en}\bar
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\NOTes\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\duevolte}\en}\bar
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\NOTes\en
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\def\atnextbar{\znotes\loffset{0.7}{\centerbar{\Fermataup l\wh j}}\en}
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\endextract
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\end{verbatim}
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In the last measure,
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it has been necessary to use \keyindex{loffset} to correct the centering of
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the off-center command
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\verb|\wh|\ldots.
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%To get proper positioning of \keyindex{centerbar} material before
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%a clef change, you may use an invisible bar line as in
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%\begin{quote}
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%\begin{verbatim}
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%\setclef1\bass
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%\startextract%
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%\NOTEs\Hpause4{0.83}\en
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%\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\ccn9{\meterfont{4}}}\en}%
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%\qspace\setemptybar\bar% invisible bar line
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%\setclef1\alto\zchangeclefs\bar%
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%\NOtes\qa{abcd}\en
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%\endextract
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%\end{verbatim}
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%\end{quote}
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%which produces
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%
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%\begin{music}
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%\nostartrule
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%\nobarnumbers
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%\setclef1\bass
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%\startextract%
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%\NOTEs\Hpause4{0.83}\en
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%\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\ccn9{\meterfont{4}}}\en}%
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%%\qspace\setemptybar\bar% invisible bar line
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%\setclef1\alto\changeclefs\bar%
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%\NOtes\qa{abcd}\en
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%\endextract
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%\end{music}
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